How to carve a marble sculpture

Carving into sculpture is an activity older than civilization itself. Prehistoric sculptures were usually human forms, such as the Venus of Willendorf and the faceless statues of the Cycladic cultures of ancient Greece. Later cultures devised animal, human-animal and abstract forms in marble. The earliest cultures used abrasive techniques, and modern technology employs diamonds and other devices. But for most of human history, sculptors used hammer and chisel as the basics for carving marble.The work begins with the selection of a marble for carving. The artist may carve in the direct way, by carving without a model, creating a form or figure from scratch, with only the idea in his mind as a guideline, sketching on the block of marble and developing the work along the way. This method can be inspiring but can also present major problems when too much marble is removed in previous stages.Or the sculptor may begin with a clearly defined model to be copied in marble. Traditionally the sculptor would begin by forming a model in clay ,wax or fiberglass, and then copying this in marble by measuring with calipers or a pointing machine. This method leaves much less chance for error, so the desired result can be achieved as expected. This method is also used when the carving is done by other sculptors, such as artisans or employees of the sculptor.
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